< Previous40 PERSPECTIVESVOLUME 46, NUMBER 1 HUMAN RESOURCE ISSUES IN AN EBP AGENCY to enable users to better self-regulate using skills such as mindfulness, gratitude journaling, and meditation. It is a didactic, step-by-step guidebook that enables users to pick and choose which skills to develop, and which are not for them. A final component of the program, “STRENGTH In- Crisis,” provides a post-crisis debriefing that continues the themes of the original program through peer-leadership and interaction. It forgoes potentially harmful debriefing strategies, and favors evidence-consistent secondary prevention of escalating post-traumatic reactions. The program is exclusively built on evidence-informed methods and research. Rigorous evaluation of its actual impact on staff resilience and well-being is currently underway. Conclusions As summarized in this article, the factors that contribute to stress and burnout in correction workers are reasonably well understood, and the unfortunate impact on staff well-being, optimism, productivity, and turnover is chronicled in the ample literature on the subject. However, the literature on effective interventions and prevention strategies for correctional environments is relatively meager. This presents an interesting research opportunity for correctional organizations that wish to apply evidence-based tools and techniques that are known to bolster resiliency. Any moderate-sized organization can begin to compile tools and exercises that comply with the effectiveness criteria noted above. Bearing in mind that we know what works to increase resilience, and we know the costs and consequences of ignoring staff stress and burnout in the correctional field, the timing seems ideal for launching staff resilience programming. The present article presents one specific solution that is ready to deploy in correctional facilities across the continent: STRENGTH-Corrections. STRENGTH is expected to have a lasting impact on the organizations that choose to implement it, since it builds on solid scientific research, follows industry recommendations, and meets the needs of both correctional workers and organizations with a low-cost, efficient, and efficacious solution. Yet research continues. As use of the STRENGTH program for correctional staff spreads, we can anticipate supportive research and increased knowledge on the subject. We can also anticipate similar programs that aim to copy or build on this program’s success. Most importantly, we can anticipate the emergence of an increasingly resilient and less stressed workforce. References Armstrong, G. S., & Griffin, M. L. (2004). Does the job matter? Comparing correlates of stress among treatment and correctional staff in prisons. Journal of Criminal Justice, 32, Block, J. H., & Block, J. (1980). The role of ego-control and ego-resiliency in the organization of behavior. In W. A. Collins (Ed.), Development of cognition, affect and social relations: The Minnesota symposia on child psychology (Vol. 13, 39-101). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum. Bogue, B., & Maull, F. (2015). Mindfulness training for community corrections staff & probation & parole officers. Time to Change Community Corrections and Correctional Psychology Carbone, S. (2020). Evidence review: The primary prevention of mental health conditions. Melbourne, Australia: Victorian Health Promotion Carleton, R. N., Afifi, T. O., Turner, S., Taillieu, T., Duranceau, S., LeBouthillier, D. M., Sareen, J., Ricciardelli, R., MacPhee, R. S., Groll, D., Hozempa, K., Brunet, A., Weekes, J. R., Griffiths, C. T., Abrams, K. J., Jones, N. A., Beshai, S., Cramm, H. A., Dobson, K. S., … Asmundson, G. J. G. (2018). Mental Disorder Symptoms among Public Safety Personnel in Canada. The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 63(1), 54–64. Carleton, R. N., Ricciardelli, R., Taillieu, T., Mitchell, M. M., Andres, E., & Afifi, T. O. (2020). Provincial Correctional Service Workers: The prevalence of mental disorders. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(7), 2203. 41 AMERICAN PROBATION AND PAROLE ASSOCIATION HUMAN RESOURCE ISSUES IN AN EBP AGENCY Castle, T. L. (2008). Satisfied in the jail? Exploring the predictors of job satisfaction among jail officers. Criminal Justice Review, 33, 48-63. Cieslak, R., Korczynska, J., Strelau, J., & Kaczmarek, M. (2008). Burnout predictors among prison officers: The moderating effect of temperamental endurance. Personality and Individual Differences, 45(7), 666–672. Davies, J., Ugwudike, P., Young, H., Hurrell, C., & Raynor, P. (2021). A pragmatic study of the impact of a brief mindfulness intervention on prisoners and staff in a Category B prison and men subject to community- based probation supervision. International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology, 65(1), 136–156. Elliot, D. L., Kuehl, K. S., El-Ghaziri, M., & Cherniack, M. (2015). Stress and corrections: Addressing the safety and well-being of correctional officers. Corrections Today, 77, 40. Evers, T. J., Ogloff, J. R. P., Trounson, J. S., & Pfeifer, J. E. (2020). Well-being interventions for correctional officers in a prison setting: A review and meta-analysis. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 47(1), 3–21. Finney, C., Stergiopoulos, E., Hensel, J., Bonato, S., & Dewa, C.S. (2013). Organizational stressors associated with job stress and burnout in correctional officers: A systematic review. BMC Public Health, 13, Article No. Griffin, M. L., Hogan, N. L., & Lambert, E. G. (2012). Doing “people work” in the prison setting: NA examination of the job characteristics model and correctional staff burnout. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 39(9), 1131– 1147. Griffin, M. L., Hogan, N. L., Lambert, E. G., Tucker- Gail, K. A., & Baker, D. N. (2010). Job involvement, job stress, job satisfaction, and organizational commitment and the burnout of correctional staff. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 37(2), 239–255. Hatala, A. (2011). Resilience and healing amidst depressive experiences: An emerging four-factor model from Emic/Etic perspectives. Journal of Spirituality in Mental Health, 13, 27–51. Herrman, H., Stewart, D. E., Diaz-Granados, N., Berger, E. L., Jackson, B., & Yuen, T. (2011). What is resilience? The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 56(5), 258–265. Iacoviello, B. M., & Charney, D. S. (2014). Psychosocial facets of resilience: Implications for preventing posttrauma psychopathology, treating trauma survivors, and enhancing community resilience. European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 5(s4), 23970. James, L. and Todak, N. (2018). Prison employment and post-traumatic stress disorder: Risk and protective factors. American Journal of Industrial Medicine, 61, 725- James, L., Todak, N., & Best, S. (2017). The negative impact of prison work on sleep health. American Journal of Industrial Medicine, 60, 449-456. Joyce, J. (2013). Facing the challenge of mental ill health in the workplace. Journal of Public Mental Health, 12 (2), 93-97 Kansky, J., & Diener, E. (2017). Benefits of well-being: Health, social relationships, work, and resilience. Journal of Positive Psychology and Wellbeing, 1(2), 129–169. Klinoff, V. A. (2017). The assessment of burnout and resilience in correctional officers. NSUWorks, College of Psychology Theses and Dissertations. Lambert, E. G. (2010). The relationship of organizational citizenship behavior with job satisfaction, turnover intent, life satisfaction, and burnout among correctional staff. Criminal Justice Studies, 23(4), 361–380. Lambert, E. G., Barton-Bellessa, S. M., & Hogan, N. L. (2015). The consequences of emotional burnout among correctional staff. SAGE Open, April-June 2015: 1–15. Lambert, E. G., Kelley, T., & Hogan, N. L. (2013). Hanging 42 PERSPECTIVESVOLUME 46, NUMBER 1 HUMAN RESOURCE ISSUES IN AN EBP AGENCY on too long: The relationship between different forms of organizational commitment and emotional burnout among correctional staff. American Journal of Criminal Justice, 38(1), 51–66. Lock, S., Rees, C. S., & Heritage, B. (2020). Development and validation of a brief measure of psychological resilience: The state–trait assessment of resilience scale. Australian Psychologist, 55(1), 10–25. Maslach, C. (2003). Job burnout: New directions in research and intervention. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 12, 189-192. Masten, A. S. (2001). Ordinary magic: Resilience processes in development. American Psychologist, 56(3), 227–238. McCraty, R., & Atkinson, M. (2012). Resilience training program reduces physiological and psychological stress in police officers. Global Advances in Health and Medicine, 1(5), 44–66. Mitchell, O., Mackenzie, D. L., Styve, G. J., & Gover, A. R. (2000). The impact of individual, organizational, and environmental attributes on voluntary turnover among juvenile correctional staff members. Justice Quarterly, 17(2), 333–357. Morse, T., Dussetschleger, J., Warren, N. & Cherniack, M. (2011). Talking about health: Correction employees’ assessments of obstacles to healthy living. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 53, 1037- Peters, C. (2018). Investing in people: Improving corrections staff health and wellness. National Institute of Justice, Notes from the Field (August 28, 2018). Petrosino, A., Turpin-Petrosino, C., & Finckenauer, J. O. (2000). Well-meaning programs can have harmful effects! Lesson from experiment events of programs such as Scared Straight. Crime and Delinquency, 46 (3), 354-379. Robertson, I. T., Cooper, C. L., Sarkar, M., & Curran, T. (2015). Resilience training in the workplace from 2003 to 2014: A systematic review. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 88(3), 533–562. Schaufeli, W. B., & Peeters, M. C. W. (2000). Job stress and burnout among correctional officers: A literature review. International Journal of Stress Management, 7(1), Summerlin, Z., Oehme, K., Stern, N., & Valentine, C. (2010). Disparate levels of stress in police and correctional officers: Preliminary evidence from a pilot study on domestic violence. Journal of Human Behavior in the Social Environment, 20, 762-777. Smith, H. P., Ferdik, F., Turner, A. L., & Radcliffe, S. (2022). An evaluation of a yoga program designed for correctional administrators and officers. Journal of Offender Rehabilitation, 61(1), 37–60. Taormina, R. J., & Law, C.-M. (2000). Approaches to preventing burnout: The effects of personal stress management and organizational socialization. Journal of Nursing Management, 8(2), 89–99. Taxman, F. S., & Gordon, J. A. (2009). Do fairness and equity matter? An examination of organizational justice among correctional officers in adult prisons. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 36, 695-711. Trounson, J. S., & Pfeifer, J. E. (2016). Promoting correctional officer wellbeing: Guidelines and suggestions for developing psychological training programs. Advancing Corrections, 1, 56-64. Trounson, J. S., & Pfeiffer, J. E. (July 2017). Corrections officer well-being: Training challenges and opportunities, Practice: The New Zealand corrections Journal, 5 (1), Tugade, M. M., Fredrickson, B. L., & Feldman Barrett, L. (2004). Psychological Resilience and Positive Emotional Granularity: Examining the Benefits of Positive Emotions on Coping and Health. Journal of Personality, 72(6), 1161–1190. 43 AMERICAN PROBATION AND PAROLE ASSOCIATION HUMAN RESOURCE ISSUES IN AN EBP AGENCY United States Department of Labor (2013). Nonfatal occupational injuries and illnesses requiring days away from work, 2012 [Internet]. Bureau of Labor Statistics. Winogron, H. W. (2021). Stress Management Training for Correctional Workers: STRENGTH-Corrections. Multi- Health Systems: Author Bios William Winogron, Ph.D., is a senior clinical psychologist whose involvement with correctional work began with front-line clinical work in community corrections and went on to include program creation, training, custom curriculum development, and training of trainers. By theoretical orientation, Bill is a practitioner of cognitive behavioral therapies (CBTs), particularly Rational-Emotive Behaviour Therapy, the original short- term CBT. He holds an Associate Fellowship at the Albert Ellis Institute in New York City, where he was personally trained and supervised by Dr. Albert Ellis, “the grandfather of CBT.” In addition to being a seasoned clinician and training facilitator, Winogron has authored internationally successful evidence-based treatment programs (Anger and Emotions Management Program; CALM–Controlling Anger and Learning to Manage it; CALMER–the CALM Effective Relapse Prevention program; etc.) and has trained, mentored, and supervised students, graduate students, and correctional staff for much of his career. Winogron has authored and facilitated training programs for organizations in Canada, the U.S., and the U.K., both “classroom” and online, on a range of mental health topics. Curtis Gough is a mental health professional who provides administrative, psychometric, writing, research, and program development services for psychologists. He has extensive experience working with preschoolers, children, adolescents, and adults who experience a whole range of difficulties, and he helps them through psychoeducational, psychovocational, and neuropsychological assessments. He has extensive experience conducting research and assisting in program development in correctional psychology with Dr. Winogron. Moreover, he has conducted research in a number of disciplines, including social motivation, health psychology, and relationship psychology. Recently, he collaborated with Dr. Winogron in developing an anger management program for male offenders in correctional facilities. Next >