VOLUME 48, NUMBER 2 THE JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN PROBATION AND PAROLE ASSOCIATION WWW.APPA-NET.ORG the PRETRIAL ISSUE3 W hat is gained from reading a professional journal? Having read innumerable articles pertaining to the field of corrections, it does sometimes seem that what is written is “old hat,” especially in introductory paragraphs that may present a same-old, same-old recap of the problems faced in community supervision. Reading on, though, you’ll find that the writers start to home in on what matters. It is truly rare to read an entire article without getting something new, something fresh, something useful. Perhaps it is new data, perhaps an insight gleaned from understanding a different person’s perspective, or perhaps a fresh take on a problem—a fresh take that energizes me. Reading a journal such as Perspectives also gives me a sense of community, of linking arms with others, and of being part of a wonderful community of committed professionals who are continually driving for improvement. I also come away with a sense that we can and are in the process of truly learning more, of advancing in our field, and of improving our tools and approaches. The articles in this issue are no exception. Lauren Morgan, Faraneh Shamserad, and Beth Huebner have definitely improved my understanding about issues pertaining to the right to legal counsel in their article on the Initial Appearance Program in St. Louis County, Missouri. As they say, “Legal representation is a constitutional right, yet it is unclear when the right to counsel begins in the legal process.” Linda Brady, Eric Grommon, Troy Hatfield, Brian Lovins, Evan Lowder, Miriam Northcutt Bohmert, and Michelle Ying present their findings on how to write rules of supervision using Action Research Teams in order to reduce the number of revocations. Focusing on Monroe County, Indiana, they conducted multi-phased research and then used their findings to identify core interventions that could be implemented, offering promising policy and practice changes that can cut down on the number of revocations. Two of the points in their conclusion hit home for me—that it can take time to implement high-level reforms (though the final outcomes are worth it) and that we should seek progress, not perfection. Finally, the Crime and Justice Institute (CJI) teamed with Arnold Ventures to conduct an assessment of sentencing and community supervision practices in Colorado, Florida, Mississippi, and Montana. The article we’ve been provided by Valerie Meade, Caitlin Flood, Maja Vlajnic, Amanda Coscia, and Andy Tisdel does an excellent job of presenting and commenting on CJI’s findings. They emphasize the need to focus on the initial phase of supervision and to make appropriate administrative improvements. I especially appreciated their extensive “Next Steps” section, which pointed out areas worth further exploration and a “deeper dive.” Each of these interesting articles is, in essence, a deeper dive into some important topics. All the information we can glean that broadens our perspective and improves our practices is something to be treasured. I extend my appreciation to all the authors. I am appreciative of another noteworthy issue of APPA’s field-focused e-journal. The research, the literature, and the experiences add tremendous value to the work we do each day in the name of changing lives and enhancing public safety! VERONICA CUNNINGHAM EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR/CEO APPA executive director/ceo's message5 AMERICAN PROBATION AND PAROLE ASSOCIATION editor’s notes T his issue of Perspectives begins our effort to be more inclusive of topics and authors. As we step away from the “themed” issue format, we embrace the opportunity to invite practitioners, academics, and many others to contribute their work to the future volumes of Perspectives. While we will still include themed issues during the course of each year, we are enthusiastic about the range of topics and research that can be brought to the APPA audience. The first article in this issue, by Lauren Morgan, presents findings from a St. Louis, Missouri based pre-arraignment program to improve assigning counsel to defendants, including those who appear for probation violations. The study shows that individuals who receive counsel at arraignment have better outcomes than those who don’t, indicating that representation is essential for upholding an individual’s rights and more efficient and effective legal processing. These findings have important implications for probation officers whose clients may face the court system during their period of supervision. Next, we consider new information about the back end of the violation process. In nationwide efforts to reduce reliance on probation revocation, contributors from the Criminal Justice Institute examine shifts in practices in Colorado, Florida, Mississippi, and Montana. They found that agencies engaged in various strategies to create policy and practice shifts aimed at reducing the revocation rate, including adopting graduated sanctions matrices and revising supervision conditions; however, they identified considerable challenges like legal restrictions and implementation fidelity. They offer important recommendations for agencies looking to adopt and implement new approaches to reducing violations and revocations. Finally, and in the same vein, Linda Branch and colleagues profile the use of Action Research Teams to redesign and redevelop probation conditions in Monroe County, Indiana. The ARTs aimed to create innovative strategies to disrupt the cycle of behaviors or circumstances that lead to probation violations and offer an inside look to this collaboration. The authors provide a step-by-step process and lessons learned for agencies to consider should they engage with “rewriting the rules” in their jurisdiction, as well as how to develop these ARTs and individuals and stakeholders that should be at the table. This issue focuses on legal representation and probation conditions, including strategies to reduce probation violations and revocations and identifying the need for legal representation in the face of incarceration. If the primary goals of community supervision are public safety, rehabilitation, and restoration, then we must think about the realities of how best to support the individuals we serve – including those who are system-involved, victims/ survivors, and communities. In particular, considerations that protect individuals’ due process rights, while also holding them accountable; providing reasonable and realistic expectations to those on supervision – particularly in relation to the goals of supervision and tailoring to individuals’ needs. In this new era of Perspectives, we hope you enjoy the variety of information provided and see this as an invitation and opportunity to contribute articles about the innovative things happening in your communities. LILY GLEICHER SENIOR SUPERVISORY RESEARCH SCIENTIST THE BAIL PROJECT KIMBERLY R. KRAS ASSISTANT PROFESSOR, SCHOOL OF PUBLIC AFFAIRS, SAN DIEGO STATE UNIVERSITYConnecting Top Employers with Premiere Professionals! Employers https://careers.appa-net.org Professionals The APPA Career Center provides all the functionality and reach of contemporary job boards while specifically focusing on the Community Corrections industry. *To receive these member benefits, login with your company’s primary APPA contact email. PLACE your job in front of qualified professionals. SEARCH our Resume Bank using robust filters to narrow your candidate search. UTILIZE our job posting and Job FlashTM email packages to earn greater visibility. Bonus for those with Agency or Corporate APPA Membership!* RECEIVE discounted rates on job posting packages! STAND-OUT as your job is tagged “Member Company”! *To receive these member benefits, login with your APPA email. UPLOAD your resume and lead employers to you. SEARCH and apply to top industry jobs that value you. RECEIVE Job Alerts whenever a job matches your criteria. ACCESS career resources, job searching tips, and tools. Bonus for those with Individual APPA Membership!* ENJOY early access to Job Postings and Email Listings! STAND-OUT as your resume is tagged “APPA Member”! Make us a regular step in your hiring process! CAREER CENTER6 PERSPECTIVES Perspectives disseminates information to the American Probation and Parole Association’s members on relevant policy and program issues and provides updates on activities of the Association. The membership represents adult and juvenile probation, parole, and community corrections agencies throughout the United States and abroad. Articles submitted for publication are screened by an editorial committee and, on occasion, selected reviewers, to determine acceptability based on relevance to the field of criminal justice, clarity of presentation, or research methodology. Perspectives does not reflect unsupported personal opinions. Articles must be emailed to perspectives@csg.org in accordance with the following deadlines: • Unless previously discussed with the editors, submissions should not exceed 12 typed pages, numbered consecutively, and double-spaced. All charts, graphs, tables, and photographs must be of reproduction quality. Optional titles may be submitted and selected after review with the editors. •All submissions must be in English and in American Psychological Association (APA) Style. • Authors should provide a one-paragraph biography, along with contact information. • Notes should be used only for clarification or substantive comments, and should appear at the end of the text. • References to source documents should appear in the body of the text with the author’s surname and the year of publication in parentheses, e.g., to (Mattson, 2015, p. 73). •Alphabetize each reference at the end of the text using the following format: • Mattson, B. (2015). Technology supports decision making in health and justice. Perspectives, 39(4), 70-79. • Hanser, R. D. (2014). Community corrections (2 nd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. While the editors of Perspectives reserve the right to suggest modifications to any contribution, all authors will be responsible for, and given credit for, final versions of articles selected for publication. Submissions will not be returned to contributors. instructions to authors Academy of Criminal Justice Sciences American Correctional Association Association of Paroling Authorities International Association of Women’s Executives in Corrections Chief Probation Officers of CA Confederation of European Probation FL Association of Community Corrections IJIS Institute International Community Justice Association Interstate Commission for Adult Offender Supervision KS Association of Court Services Officers National Association of Pretrial Services Agencies National Association of Probation Executives National Crime Prevention Council New Zealand Association of Probation Officers OH Chief Probation Officers Association Probation Officers Association of Wielkopolska Probation Officers Professional Association of IN VA Probation and Parole Association affiliate members VOLUME 48, NUMBER 27 AMERICAN PROBATION AND PAROLE ASSOCIATION RE-WRITING RULES OF SUPERVISION TO REDUCE REVOCATIONS WITH ACTION RESEARCH TEAMS LINDA BRADY, ERIC GROMMON, TROY HATFIELD, BRIAN LOVINS, EVAN M. LOWDER, MIRIAM NORTHCUTT BOHMERT, MICHELLE YING 30 8 PRODUCTION STAFF 9 APPA CORPORATE MEMBERS corporate members 12 RIGHT TO COUNSEL? LESSONS FROM A PROGRAM EVALUATION IN ST. LOUIS COUNTY, MISSOURI LAUREN MORGAN, FARANEH SHAMSERAD, & BETH M. HUEBNER PROMOTING SUCCESS ON COMMUNITY SUPERVISION: STRATEGIES FOR IMPROVING OUTCOMES AND REDUCING REVOCATIONS VALERIE MEADE, CAITLIN FLOOD, MAJA VLAJNIC, AMANDA COSCIA, ANDY TISDEL 20 featuresPRODUCTION STAFF Veronica CunninghamEditor in Chief Kimberly KrasPerspectives Co-Editor Jason StaufferPerspectives Co-Editor Travis JohnsonProduction Coordinator Cathryn HahnGraphic Designer DIRECTORY APPA Main (859)244-8204 Publication Orders (859)244-8204 General Training Institute (859) 244-8236 Information Clearinghouse (859) 244-8204 Membership (859)244-8212 Request for Training (859)244-8236 Resource Expo (859)244-8206 Advertising (859)244-8206 Grants/TA (859)244-8015 BOARD OF DIRECTORS President President-Elect Vice President Treasurer Secretary Immediate Past President Second Past President Affiliate Representative Member At-Large Line Staff Representative Region 1 Representative Region 2 Representative Region 3 Representative Region 4 Representative Region 5 Representative S usan Rice Marcus Hodges Thomas Gregory Tania Appling Audrey Rigsbee Brian Lovins Scott Taylor Isabel Perez-Morina Pamerson O. Ifill Alyza Gonzalez Jennifer Brady Hannah Cochran Dena Davis Gene Cotter LaTasha Jones Veronica Cunningham Executive Director/CEO Communications should be addressed to: American Probation and Parole Association c/o 2024 American Probation and Parole Association 1776 Avenue of the States, Lexington, KY, 40511 Fax: (859) 244-8001, E-mail: appa@csg.org Website: www.appa-net.org Perspectives is published four times annually by the American Probation and Parole Association through its secretariat office in Lexington, Kentucky. ISSN 0821-1507 Reprint permission. Direct requests for permission to use material published in Perspectives in writing to perspectives@csg.org. © 2023 The Council of State Governments Senior Supervisory Research Scientist The Bail Project PO Box 750 Venice, CA 90294 Phone: (312) 869 - 4806 lgleicher3@gmail.com San Diego State University Department of Criminal Justice School of Public Affairs 5500 Campanile Drive San Diego, CA 92182 Phone: (619) 594-1158 kkras@sdsu.edu Eileen Ahlin, PhD, Penn State Harrisburg Ansley Dille, Utah Administrative Office of the Courts Lauren Duhaime, Bureau of Justice Assistance/George Mason University Phillip Galli, University of Wisconsin-River Falls Lily Gleicher, PhD, Robina Institute/DePaul University Shelley Johnson, PhD, University of North Carolina Charlotte Jennifer Lanterman, PhD, University of Nevada Reno Sarah Manchak, PhD, University of Cincinnati Katie Meyer, CAIS/JAIS Program Manager Carrie Ross, Yavapai County Adult Probation David Sattler, Washington State Administrative Office of the Courts Reveka Shteynberg, PhD, California State University San Bernardino Renea Snyder, Public Health Advisor Mark Stodola, NHTSA Probation Fellow David Taylor, Montgomery County (OH) Probation Reyna Cartagena Vasquez, CSOSA Jill Viglione, PhD, University of Central Florida Melissa Waldock, Kansas Department of Corrections Susan Wright, Pennsylvania Counseling Services editorial board The American Probation and Parole Association is an affiliate of and receives its secretariat services from The Council of State Governments (CSG). CSG, the multibranch association of the states and U.S. territories, works with state leaders across the nation and through its regions to put the best ideas and solutions into practice. 8 PERSPECTIVESVOLUME 48, NUMBER 2American Community Corrections Institute Trevor Lloyd, President P.O. Box 1910, Orem, UT 84059-1910 tlloyd@accilifeskills.com Acivilate, Inc. Dana Malament, CEO 311 Ferst DR NW Ste L, Atlanta, GA 30318-5602 dana@acivilate.com Allied Universal Electronic Monitoring Kerri Ryan, Strategic Marketing Manager 1838 Gunn Hwy, Odessa, FL 33556 kerri.ryan@em.aus.com Allvest Services dba Vant4ge Sean Hosman, CEO. PO Box 1802, Salt Lake City UT - 84110-1802 shosman@vant4ge.com Averhealth Justin Manni, Vice President of Business Development 2916 W. Marshall Street, Suite A Richmond, VA 23230 jmanni@averhealth.com Buddi ED Harrison, Director of Sales & Service Buddi US, LLC 2710 Alt 19 North, Palm Harbor, FL 34683 Ed@buddi.us Care Guide Services Happye Dyer, Director of Reentry Services 8281 Goodwood Blvd Baton Rouge, LA 70808 hdyer@careguideservices.com Corrections Software Solutions James Redus, President 316 North Lamar Street, Austin, TX 78703 jredus@correctionssoftware.com Fieldware Ken Tomlinson, Director Customer Engagement 13012 Harmony Parkway Westminster, CO 80234 ktomlinson@fieldware.com FRSH Chris Heckler, President 5815 Walnut Hill Lane, Dallas, TX 75230 chrisheckler@hotmail.com Geo Care Monica Hook, VP, Communications 4955 Technology Way Boca Raton, FL 33431-3367 mhook@geocareinc.com Indivior Scott Schoenborn, Therapeutic Area Lead 10710 Midlothian Tpke, Suite 430 North Chesterfield, VA 23235-4722 scott.schoenborn@indivior.com Intoxalock Linda Vadel, Affiliate Marketing Coordinator 11035 Aurora Ave, Des Moines, IA 50322 lvadel@intoxalock.com Journal Technologies Kathy Cullen, Marketing Director 915 E 1st Street, Los Angeles, CA - 90012 kcullen@journaltech.com Lifelab Studios Sasha Barab, CEO 27500 N 115th ST, Scottsdale, AZ 85262 sasha@lifelabstudios.org LifeSafer MaryBeth Graff, Marketing Coordinator 1411 Diggs Drive, Raleigh, NC 27603 marybeth.graff@scramsystems.com National Curriculum and Training Institute Gary Bushkin, President 319 East McDowell Road, Suite 200 Phoenix, AZ 85004-1534 gary@ncti.org Noble Software Group Diana DeMedio, President 108 Rosewood ST, Lake Jackson, TX 77566-4937 ddemedio@noblesg.com Premier Biotech Todd Bailey, President P.O. Box 296 Excelsior, MN 55331 tbailey@premierbiotech.com Reconnect Pete Andrews, CEO 1 Faraday Drive Cumberland, ME 04021 pete.andrews@reconnect.io RemoteCOM Monica Hook, VP, GEO Care Communications 4955 Technology Way Boca Raton, Florida 33431 Phone: 561.999.7520 Email:mhook@geocareinc.com 9 AMERICAN PROBATION AND PAROLE ASSOCIATION Corporations with an interest in the field of probation, parole, and community corrections are invited to become APPA corporate members. Corporate members receive benefits such as enhanced visibility among APPA’s international network of community corrections professionals, as well as shared information on the latest trends and issues that specifically affect community corrections. CORPORATE MEMBER corporate members Continued on page 10...SCRAM Systems Erin White, Events Marketing Manager 1241 West Mineral Avenue, Ste 100 Littleton, CO 80120 ewhite@scramsystems.com Sentinel Offender Services, LLC Mike Dean, Senior VP of Sales 201 Technology Drive Irvine, CA 92618 mike.dean@sentineladvantage.com Shadowtrack Robert L. Magaletta, President & CEO PO Box 1686 Covington, LA 70434-1686 robert@shadowtrack.com Smart Start, Inc. Annette Beard, National Sales Manager 500 E Dallas Rd Ste 100 Grapevine, TX 76051-7658 abeard@smartstartinc.com SolusGuard Michael Klein, Director of Sales & Marketing 201-15 Innovation Blvd. Saskatoon, SK S7N 2X8, Canada SuperCom, Inc. David DeGeorge, Regional Sales Manager 200 Park Avenue South New York, NY 10003 The Change Companies Jesse Tillotson, National Director of Justice Services The Change Companies 5221 Sigstrom Dr, Carson City, NV 89706 jtillotson@changecompanies.net TRAC Solutions Catherine Nienhouse, Marketing Manager 20 N Wacker DR Chicago, IL 60606 catherine.nienhouse@cam-sys.net Track Group Miranda Follis, Director of Marketing 200 East 5th AvenueSuite 100 Napierville, IL 60563 miranda.follis@trackgrp.com Tyler Technologies Lara Lung, Trade Show Specialist 5101 Tennyson Parkway Plano, TX 75024 Lara.Lung@tylertech.com Phone: 806-791-8200 corporate members cont’d David Kreitzer General Manager 2855 Country Drive, Suite 100 Little Canada, MN 55117 Phone: (651) 383.1213 Website: https://abkiosk.com/ associate membersNext >